qt: Replace usage of deprecated Error::asString

* lang/qt/src/debug.cpp (operator<<): Use Error::asStdString instead of
Error::asString.
* lang/qt/src/qgpgmedecryptverifyjob.cpp (decrypt_verify),
lang/qt/src/qgpgmenewcryptoconfig.cpp
(QGpgMENewCryptoConfigComponent::sync),
lang/qt/src/qgpgmewkdlookupjob.cpp (startDirmngr): Use QDebug operator
for Error instead of Error::asString.
* lang/qt/src/threadedjobmixin.cpp (_detail::audit_log_as_html): Use
errorAsString instead of Error::asString.
* lang/qt/src/util.h (errorAsString): New.

* lang/qt/tests/run-decryptverifyarchivejob.cpp (main),
lang/qt/tests/run-decryptverifyjob.cpp (main),
lang/qt/tests/run-encryptarchivejob.cpp (main),
lang/qt/tests/run-encryptjob.cpp (main),
lang/qt/tests/run-exportjob.cpp (main),
lang/qt/tests/run-importjob.cpp (main),
lang/qt/tests/run-receivekeysjob.cpp (main),
lang/qt/tests/run-refreshkeysjob.cpp (main),
lang/qt/tests/run-signarchivejob.cpp (main),
lang/qt/tests/run-signjob.cpp (main),
lang/qt/tests/run-verifydetachedjob.cpp (main),
lang/qt/tests/run-verifyopaquejob.cpp (main),
lang/qt/tests/run-wkdrefreshjob.cpp (main),
lang/qt/tests/t-ownertrust.cpp (testChangeOwnerTrust),
lang/qt/tests/t-remarks.cpp (testRemarkOwnKey),
lang/qt/tests/t-tofuinfo.cpp (testTofuPolicy): Use QDebug operator for
Error instead of Error::asString.
* lang/qt/tests/t-changeexpiryjob.cpp (all test functions),
lang/qt/tests/t-trustsignatures.cpp (all test functions),
lang/qt/tests/t-various.cpp (testSignKeyWithoutExpiration,
testSignKeyWithExpiration): Use errorAsString instead of
Error::asString.
--

GnuPG-bug-id: 7188

25 files changed, 91 insertions, 59 deletions

diff --git a/lang/qt/src/debug.cpp b/lang/qt/src/debug.cpp
index 03244dc6..acde9d42 100644
--- a/lang/qt/src/debug.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/src/debug.cpp
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ QDebug operator<<(QDebug debug, const GpgME::Error &err)
 {
 #ifdef Q_OS_WIN
     // On Windows, we tell libgpg-error to return (translated) error messages as UTF-8
-    const auto errAsString = QString::fromUtf8(err.asString());
+    const auto errAsString = QString::fromStdString(err.asStdString());
 #else
-    const auto errAsString = QString::fromLocal8Bit(err.asString());
+    const auto errAsString = QString::fromLocal8Bit(err.asStdString().c_str());
 #endif
     const bool oldSetting = debug.autoInsertSpaces();
     debug.nospace() << errAsString << " (code: " << err.code() << ", source: " << err.source() << ")";
diff --git a/lang/qt/src/qgpgmedecryptverifyjob.cpp b/lang/qt/src/qgpgmedecryptverifyjob.cpp
index 2cd857b6..24930693 100644
--- a/lang/qt/src/qgpgmedecryptverifyjob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/src/qgpgmedecryptverifyjob.cpp
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #include "qgpgmedecryptverifyjob.h"
 
 #include "dataprovider.h"
+#include "debug.h"
 #include "decryptverifyjob_p.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ static QGpgMEDecryptVerifyJob::result_type decrypt_verify(Context *ctx, QThread
         const std::pair<DecryptionResult, VerificationResult> res = ctx->decryptAndVerify(indata, outdata);
         Error ae;
         const QString log = _detail::audit_log_as_html(ctx, ae);
-        qCDebug(QGPGME_LOG) << __func__ << "- End no plainText. Error:" << ae.asString();
+        qCDebug(QGPGME_LOG) << __func__ << "- End no plainText. Error:" << ae;
         return std::make_tuple(res.first, res.second, out.data(), log, ae);
     } else {
         QGpgME::QIODeviceDataProvider out(plainText);
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ static QGpgMEDecryptVerifyJob::result_type decrypt_verify(Context *ctx, QThread
         const std::pair<DecryptionResult, VerificationResult> res = ctx->decryptAndVerify(indata, outdata);
         Error ae;
         const QString log = _detail::audit_log_as_html(ctx, ae);
-        qCDebug(QGPGME_LOG) << __func__ << "- End plainText. Error:" << ae.asString();
+        qCDebug(QGPGME_LOG) << __func__ << "- End plainText. Error:" << ae;
         return std::make_tuple(res.first, res.second, QByteArray(), log, ae);
     }
 }
diff --git a/lang/qt/src/qgpgmenewcryptoconfig.cpp b/lang/qt/src/qgpgmenewcryptoconfig.cpp
index 0615776b..a4782d2f 100644
--- a/lang/qt/src/qgpgmenewcryptoconfig.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/src/qgpgmenewcryptoconfig.cpp
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ void QGpgMENewCryptoConfigComponent::sync(bool runtime)
     if (const Error err = m_component.save()) {
         qCWarning(QGPGME_LOG) << ":"
             << "Error from gpgconf while saving configuration: %1"
-            << QString::fromLocal8Bit(err.asString());
+            << err;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/lang/qt/src/qgpgmewkdlookupjob.cpp b/lang/qt/src/qgpgmewkdlookupjob.cpp
index 25f0a2bf..76f5b728 100644
--- a/lang/qt/src/qgpgmewkdlookupjob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/src/qgpgmewkdlookupjob.cpp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 
 #include "qgpgmewkdlookupjob.h"
 
+#include "debug.h"
 #include "qgpgme_debug.h"
 
 #include <gpgme++/context.h>
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ static GpgME::Error startDirmngr(Context *assuanCtx)
 
     auto spawnCtx = std::unique_ptr<Context>{Context::createForEngine(SpawnEngine, &err)};
     if (err) {
-        qCDebug(QGPGME_LOG) << "Error: Failed to get context for spawn engine (" << err.asString() << ")";
+        qCDebug(QGPGME_LOG) << "Error: Failed to get context for spawn engine (" << err << ")";
     }
     const auto gpgconfProgram = GpgME::dirInfo("gpgconf-name");
     // replace backslashes with forward slashes in homedir to work around bug T6833
@@ -132,11 +133,11 @@ static GpgME::Error run_wkd_get(Context *ctx, const std::string &email)
         // no key for email is available via WKD or that the domain doesn't
         // support WKD or that the domain doesn't exist (on subsequent requests
         // using dirmngr's internal cache)
-        qCDebug(QGPGME_LOG) << "WKD_GET returned" << err.asString() << "; ignoring...";
+        qCDebug(QGPGME_LOG) << "WKD_GET returned" << err << "; ignoring...";
         err = {};
     }
     if (err) {
-        qCDebug(QGPGME_LOG) << "WKD_GET failed with" << err.asString();
+        qCDebug(QGPGME_LOG) << "WKD_GET failed with" << err;
     }
 
     return err;
diff --git a/lang/qt/src/threadedjobmixin.cpp b/lang/qt/src/threadedjobmixin.cpp
index c6372c0d..c0485325 100644
--- a/lang/qt/src/threadedjobmixin.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/src/threadedjobmixin.cpp
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #include "threadedjobmixin.h"
 
 #include "dataprovider.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 #include <gpgme++/data.h>
 
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ QString _detail::audit_log_as_html(Context *ctx, GpgME::Error &err)
 
     if (ctx->protocol() == OpenPGP) {
         if ((err = ctx->getAuditLog(data, OpenPGPAuditLogFlags))) {
-            return QString::fromLocal8Bit(err.asString());
+            return errorAsString(err);
         }
         const QByteArray ba = dp.data();
         return markupDiagnostics(stringFromGpgOutput(ba));
@@ -91,12 +92,12 @@ QString _detail::audit_log_as_html(Context *ctx, GpgME::Error &err)
     if (ctx->protocol() == CMS) {
         if ((err = ctx->lastError())) {
             if ((err = ctx->getAuditLog(data, Context::DiagnosticAuditLog))) {
-                return QString::fromLocal8Bit(err.asString());
+                return errorAsString(err);
             }
             const QByteArray ba = dp.data();
             return markupDiagnostics(stringFromGpgOutput(ba));
         } else if ((err = ctx->getAuditLog(data, CMSAuditLogFlags))) {
-            return QString::fromLocal8Bit(err.asString());
+            return errorAsString(err);
         }
         return QString::fromUtf8(dp.data());
     }
diff --git a/lang/qt/src/util.h b/lang/qt/src/util.h
index cdf38981..fcd1187e 100644
--- a/lang/qt/src/util.h
+++ b/lang/qt/src/util.h
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@
 
 #include <QStringList>
 
+#include <gpgme++/error.h>
+
 #include <gpgme.h>
 
 #include <string>
@@ -51,6 +53,15 @@ static inline gpgme_error_t make_error(gpgme_err_code_t code)
     return gpgme_err_make((gpgme_err_source_t)22, code);
 }
 
+static inline QString errorAsString(const GpgME::Error &error)
+{
+#ifdef Q_OS_WIN
+    return QString::fromStdString(error.asStdString());
+#else
+    return QString::fromLocal8Bit(error.asStdString().c_str());
+#endif
+}
+
 std::vector<std::string> toStrings(const QStringList &l);
 
 QStringList toFingerprints(const std::vector<GpgME::Key> &keys);
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/run-decryptverifyarchivejob.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/run-decryptverifyarchivejob.cpp
index 38cf6b86..36d023ec 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/run-decryptverifyarchivejob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/run-decryptverifyarchivejob.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
  #include "config.h"
 #endif
 
+#include <debug.h>
 #include <decryptverifyarchivejob.h>
 #include <protocol.h>
 
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     const auto err = job->startIt();
     if (err) {
-        std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err << std::endl;
         return 1;
     }
 
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/run-decryptverifyjob.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/run-decryptverifyjob.cpp
index 4d2e947c..da8ec9fe 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/run-decryptverifyjob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/run-decryptverifyjob.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
  #include "config.h"
 #endif
 
+#include <debug.h>
 #include <protocol.h>
 #include <decryptverifyjob.h>
 
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         err = job->startIt();
     }
     if (err) {
-        std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err << std::endl;
         return 1;
     }
 
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/run-encryptarchivejob.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/run-encryptarchivejob.cpp
index 2d9c09a3..87781fd9 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/run-encryptarchivejob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/run-encryptarchivejob.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
  #include "config.h"
 #endif
 
+#include <debug.h>
 #include <protocol.h>
 #include <encryptarchivejob.h>
 #include <signencryptarchivejob.h>
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
             err = job->startIt();
         }
         if (err) {
-            std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err << std::endl;
             return 1;
         }
     } else {
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
             err = job->startIt();
         }
         if (err) {
-            std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err << std::endl;
             return 1;
         }
     }
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/run-encryptjob.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/run-encryptjob.cpp
index 47e6e248..14c8ea44 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/run-encryptjob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/run-encryptjob.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
  #include "config.h"
 #endif
 
+#include <debug.h>
 #include <protocol.h>
 #include <encryptjob.h>
 #include <signencryptjob.h>
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
             err = job->startIt();
         }
         if (err) {
-            std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err << std::endl;
             return 1;
         }
     } else {
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
             err = job->startIt();
         }
         if (err) {
-            std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err << std::endl;
             return 1;
         }
     }
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/run-exportjob.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/run-exportjob.cpp
index 6cb43c22..ed6f8912 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/run-exportjob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/run-exportjob.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
  #include "config.h"
 #endif
 
+#include <debug.h>
 #include <exportjob.h>
 #include <protocol.h>
 
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
     QObject::connect(job, &QGpgME::ExportJob::result,
                      &app, [&app] (const GpgME::Error &err, const QByteArray &keyData, const QString &, const GpgME::Error &) {
                          if (err) {
-                             cerr << "The ChangeExpiryJob failed with" << err.asString() << ".";
+                             cerr << "The ChangeExpiryJob failed with" << err << ".";
                              app.exit(1);
                              return;
                          }
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/run-importjob.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/run-importjob.cpp
index a0b9ffc1..67ee73f3 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/run-importjob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/run-importjob.cpp
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     const auto keyData = f.readAll();
     auto job = (protocol == GpgME::CMS ? QGpgME::smime() : QGpgME::openpgp())->importJob();
     const auto result = job->exec(keyData);
-    qDebug() << "Result error:" << result.error().asString();
+    qDebug() << "Result error:" << result.error();
     for (const auto &line : QString::fromStdString(QGpgME::toLogString(result)).split('\n')) {
         qDebug().noquote() << line;
     }
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/run-receivekeysjob.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/run-receivekeysjob.cpp
index 6bfe047f..44553218 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/run-receivekeysjob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/run-receivekeysjob.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
  #include "config.h"
 #endif
 
+#include <debug.h>
 #include <gpgme++/importresult.h>
 #include <protocol.h>
 #include <receivekeysjob.h>
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     auto job = QGpgME::openpgp()->receiveKeysJob();
     const auto result = job->exec(keyIds);
 
-    std::cout << "Result: " << result.error().asString() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Result: " << result.error() << std::endl;
     std::cout << "Details:\n" << result << std::endl;
 
     return 0;
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/run-refreshkeysjob.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/run-refreshkeysjob.cpp
index e2bf7d1f..ad653a54 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/run-refreshkeysjob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/run-refreshkeysjob.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
  #include "config.h"
 #endif
 
+#include <debug.h>
 #include <protocol.h>
 #include <refreshkeysjob.h>
 #include <receivekeysjob.h>
@@ -111,10 +112,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         return 1;
     }
     if (openPGPKey.error) {
-        std::cerr << "Warning: Error while getting OpenPGP key: " << openPGPKey.error.asString() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Warning: Error while getting OpenPGP key: " << openPGPKey.error << std::endl;
     }
     if (smimeKey.error) {
-        std::cerr << "Warning: Error while getting S/MIME key: " << openPGPKey.error.asString() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Warning: Error while getting S/MIME key: " << openPGPKey.error << std::endl;
     }
     auto key = openPGPKey.key.isNull() ? smimeKey.key : openPGPKey.key;
     std::cout << "Refreshing " << displayName(key.protocol()) << " key " << key.userID(0).id() << std::endl;
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         });
         const auto err = job->start({QString::fromLatin1(key.primaryFingerprint())});
         if (err) {
-            std::cerr << "Error: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "Error: " << err << std::endl;
             return 1;
         }
     } else {
@@ -141,12 +142,12 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
             return 1;
         }
         QObject::connect(job, &QGpgME::RefreshKeysJob::result, &app, [](const GpgME::Error &err) {
-            std::cout << "Result: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "Result: " << err << std::endl;
             qApp->quit();
         });
         const auto err = job->start({key});
         if (err) {
-            std::cerr << "Error: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "Error: " << err << std::endl;
             return 1;
         }
     }
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/run-signarchivejob.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/run-signarchivejob.cpp
index c832372a..3152507e 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/run-signarchivejob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/run-signarchivejob.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
  #include "config.h"
 #endif
 
+#include <debug.h>
 #include <protocol.h>
 #include <signarchivejob.h>
 
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         err = job->startIt();
     }
     if (err) {
-        std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err << std::endl;
         return 1;
     }
 
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/run-signjob.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/run-signjob.cpp
index a85c6034..9c2ebcc2 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/run-signjob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/run-signjob.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
  #include "config.h"
 #endif
 
+#include <debug.h>
 #include <protocol.h>
 #include <signjob.h>
 
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         err = job->startIt();
     }
     if (err) {
-        std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err << std::endl;
         return 1;
     }
 
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/run-verifydetachedjob.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/run-verifydetachedjob.cpp
index 65274383..60ba5470 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/run-verifydetachedjob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/run-verifydetachedjob.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
  #include "config.h"
 #endif
 
+#include <debug.h>
 #include <protocol.h>
 #include <verifydetachedjob.h>
 
@@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     job->setSignedFile(options.signedFile);
     err = job->startIt();
     if (err) {
-        std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err << std::endl;
         return 1;
     }
 
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/run-verifyopaquejob.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/run-verifyopaquejob.cpp
index 080c988c..09578430 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/run-verifyopaquejob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/run-verifyopaquejob.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
  #include "config.h"
 #endif
 
+#include <debug.h>
 #include <protocol.h>
 #include <verifyopaquejob.h>
 
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         err = job->startIt();
     }
     if (err) {
-        std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Error: Starting the job failed: " << err << std::endl;
         return 1;
     }
 
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/run-wkdrefreshjob.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/run-wkdrefreshjob.cpp
index 85110b0d..17bad83d 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/run-wkdrefreshjob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/run-wkdrefreshjob.cpp
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
  #include "config.h"
 #endif
 
+#include <debug.h>
 #include <protocol.h>
 #include <wkdrefreshjob.h>
 
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         return 1;
     }
     if (err) {
-        std::cerr << "Error while getting OpenPGP key: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Error while getting OpenPGP key: " << err << std::endl;
         return 1;
     }
     std::cout << "Refreshing OpenPGP key " << key.userID(0).id() << std::endl;
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         err = job->start({key});
     }
     if (err) {
-        std::cerr << "Error: " << err.asString() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Error: " << err << std::endl;
         return 1;
     }
 
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/t-changeexpiryjob.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/t-changeexpiryjob.cpp
index 54a54aeb..b64bf798 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/t-changeexpiryjob.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/t-changeexpiryjob.cpp
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 #include <gpgme++/context.h>
 #include <gpgme++/engineinfo.h>
 #include "protocol.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 #include <QSignalSpy>
 #include <QTemporaryDir>
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                     this, [this] (const GpgME::Error &err2, const QString &, const GpgME::Error &) {
                         Q_EMIT asyncDone();
                         if (err2) {
-                            QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The ChangeExpiryJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                            QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The ChangeExpiryJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                         }
                     });
 
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                     this, [this] (const GpgME::Error &err2, const QString &, const GpgME::Error &) {
                         Q_EMIT asyncDone();
                         if (err2) {
-                            QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The ChangeExpiryJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                            QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The ChangeExpiryJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                         }
                     });
 
@@ -211,7 +212,7 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                     this, [this] (const GpgME::Error &err2, const QString &, const GpgME::Error &) {
                         Q_EMIT asyncDone();
                         if (err2) {
-                            QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The ChangeExpiryJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                            QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The ChangeExpiryJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                         }
                     });
 
@@ -274,7 +275,7 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                     this, [this] (const GpgME::Error &err2, const QString &, const GpgME::Error &) {
                         Q_EMIT asyncDone();
                         if (err2) {
-                            QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The ChangeExpiryJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                            QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The ChangeExpiryJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                         }
                     });
 
@@ -342,7 +343,7 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                     this, [this] (const GpgME::Error &err2, const QString &, const GpgME::Error &) {
                         Q_EMIT asyncDone();
                         if (err2) {
-                            QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The ChangeExpiryJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                            QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The ChangeExpiryJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                         }
                     });
 
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/t-ownertrust.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/t-ownertrust.cpp
index bb2df08a..653304e4 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/t-ownertrust.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/t-ownertrust.cpp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include <QDebug>
 #include <QTest>
 #include <QSignalSpy>
+#include "debug.h"
 #include "keylistjob.h"
 #include "protocol.h"
 #include <gpgme++/keylistresult.h>
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
         connect(job2, &ChangeOwnerTrustJob::result, this, [this](Error e)
         {
             if (e) {
-                qDebug() <<  "Error in result: " << e.asString();
+                qDebug() <<  "Error in result: " << e;
             }
             QVERIFY(!e);
             Q_EMIT asyncDone();
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/t-remarks.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/t-remarks.cpp
index 86a5f6a5..b7de4ac4 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/t-remarks.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/t-remarks.cpp
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #include <QTest>
 #include <QSignalSpy>
 #include <QTemporaryDir>
+#include "debug.h"
 #include "keylistjob.h"
 #include "protocol.h"
 #include "signkeyjob.h"
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ public:
                                                         const GpgME::Error) {
             Q_EMIT asyncDone();
             if (err2) {
-                qDebug() << "Error: " << err2.asString();
+                qDebug() << "Error: " << err2;
             }
             QVERIFY(err2);
         });
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/t-tofuinfo.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/t-tofuinfo.cpp
index b495ec5c..852142cf 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/t-tofuinfo.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/t-tofuinfo.cpp
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include <QTemporaryDir>
 #include <QSignalSpy>
 
+#include "debug.h"
 #include "protocol.h"
 #include <gpgme++/tofuinfo.h>
 #include "tofupolicyjob.h"
@@ -377,7 +378,7 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
 
         if (keys.empty()) {
             qDebug() << "[email protected] not found";
-            qDebug() << "Error: " << result.error().asString();
+            qDebug() << "Error: " << result.error();
             const auto homedir = QString::fromLocal8Bit(qgetenv("GNUPGHOME"));
             qDebug() << "Homedir is: " << homedir;
             QFileInfo fi(homedir + "/pubring.gpg");
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/t-trustsignatures.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/t-trustsignatures.cpp
index 356b49b7..6d575dff 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/t-trustsignatures.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/t-trustsignatures.cpp
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 #include <gpgme++/engineinfo.h>
 #include "protocol.h"
 #include "signkeyjob.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 #include <QRegularExpression>
 #include <QSignalSpy>
@@ -94,9 +95,9 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                         if (err2) {
                             if (err2.code() == GPG_ERR_GENERAL) {
                                 QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.\n"
-                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             } else {
-                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             }
                         }
                     });
@@ -138,9 +139,9 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                         if (err2) {
                             if (err2.code() == GPG_ERR_GENERAL) {
                                 QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.\n"
-                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             } else {
-                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             }
                         }
                     });
@@ -205,9 +206,9 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                         if (err2) {
                             if (err2.code() == GPG_ERR_GENERAL) {
                                 QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.\n"
-                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             } else {
-                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             }
                         }
                     });
@@ -249,9 +250,9 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                         if (err2) {
                             if (err2.code() == GPG_ERR_GENERAL) {
                                 QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.\n"
-                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             } else {
-                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             }
                         }
                     });
@@ -317,9 +318,9 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                         if (err2) {
                             if (err2.code() == GPG_ERR_GENERAL) {
                                 QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.\n"
-                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             } else {
-                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             }
                         }
                     });
@@ -361,9 +362,9 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                         if (err2) {
                             if (err2.code() == GPG_ERR_GENERAL) {
                                 QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.\n"
-                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             } else {
-                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             }
                         }
                     });
@@ -428,9 +429,9 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                         if (err2) {
                             if (err2.code() == GPG_ERR_GENERAL) {
                                 QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.\n"
-                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             } else {
-                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             }
                         }
                     });
@@ -473,9 +474,9 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                         if (err2) {
                             if (err2.code() == GPG_ERR_GENERAL) {
                                 QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.\n"
-                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                    "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             } else {
-                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                             }
                         }
                     });
diff --git a/lang/qt/tests/t-various.cpp b/lang/qt/tests/t-various.cpp
index 6759f3b6..282fffc2 100644
--- a/lang/qt/tests/t-various.cpp
+++ b/lang/qt/tests/t-various.cpp
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 #include <QTemporaryDir>
 #include "keylistjob.h"
 #include "protocol.h"
+#include "util.h"
 #include <gpgme++/keylistresult.h>
 #include <gpgme++/context.h>
 #include <gpgme++/engineinfo.h>
@@ -265,9 +266,9 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                     if (err2) {
                         if (err2.code() == GPG_ERR_GENERAL) {
                             QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.\n"
-                                "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                         } else {
-                            QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                            QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                         }
                     }
                 });
@@ -321,9 +322,9 @@ private Q_SLOTS:
                     if (err2) {
                         if (err2.code() == GPG_ERR_GENERAL) {
                             QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.\n"
-                                "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                                "Hint: Run with GPGMEPP_INTERACTOR_DEBUG=stderr to debug the edit interaction.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                         } else {
-                            QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(err2.asString())));
+                            QFAIL(qPrintable(QString("The SignKeyJob failed with '%1'.").arg(errorAsString(err2))));
                         }
                     }
                 });