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diff --git a/include/GFModuleConvert.h b/include/GFModuleConvert.h
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+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2021-2024 Saturneric <[email protected]>
+ *
+ * This file is part of GpgFrontend.
+ *
+ * GpgFrontend is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * GpgFrontend is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with GpgFrontend. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The initial version of the source code is inherited from
+ * the gpg4usb project, which is under GPL-3.0-or-later.
+ *
+ * All the source code of GpgFrontend was modified and released by
+ * Saturneric <[email protected]> starting on May 12, 2021.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+ *
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <GFSDKBasic.h>
+#include <GFSDKModule.h>
+#include <GFSDKUI.h>
+#include <GFSDKUIModel.h>
+
+#include <QMap>
+#include <QString>
+#include <QStringList>
+#include <QVariant>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "GFModuleMemory.h"
+
+/**
+ * @file GFModuleConvert.h
+ * @brief Moving values across the C boundary, and formatting strings.
+ *
+ * Everything here converts between what a module works in (QString, QMap,
+ * QList) and what the SDK speaks (char*, null-terminated arrays, linked
+ * lists). The ownership rules that apply are in GFModuleMemory.h and are not
+ * repeated: as a rule of thumb, a `Convert...ToMap` consumes what it is given
+ * and a `ConvertMapTo...` produces something the callee will own.
+ */
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------- formatting
+
+inline auto FormatStringHelper(const QString& format, const std::string& arg)
+    -> QString {
+  return format.arg(QString::fromStdString(arg));
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+auto FormatStringHelper(const QString& format, T arg) -> QString {
+  return format.arg(arg);
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+auto FormatStringHelper(const QString& format, const std::string& arg,
+                        Args... args) -> QString {
+  return FormatStringHelper(format.arg(QString::fromStdString(arg)), args...);
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename... Args>
+auto FormatStringHelper(const QString& format, T arg, Args... args) -> QString {
+  return FormatStringHelper(format.arg(arg), args...);
+}
+
+inline auto FormatStringHelper(const QString& format) -> QString {
+  return format;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+inline auto FormatStringHelper(const T& format) ->
+    typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<T, std::string>::value,
+                            QString>::type {
+  return FormatStringHelper(QString::fromStdString(format));
+}
+
+/// Qt-style `%1`/`%2` substitution. NOTE: `%1`, not printf's `%s`.
+template <typename... Args>
+auto FormatString(const QString& format, Args... args) -> QString {
+  return FormatStringHelper(format, args...);
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------ metadata
+
+inline auto QMapToMetaDataArray(const QMap<QString, QString>& map)
+    -> MetaData** {
+  auto** meta_data_array =
+      static_cast<MetaData**>(GFAllocateMemory(sizeof(MetaData*) * map.size()));
+
+  int index = 0;
+  for (auto it = map.begin(); it != map.end(); ++it) {
+    meta_data_array[index] =
+        static_cast<MetaData*>(GFAllocateMemory(sizeof(MetaData)));
+
+    QByteArray const key = it.key().toUtf8();
+    QByteArray const value = it.value().toUtf8();
+
+    meta_data_array[index]->key = GFModuleStrDup(key);
+    meta_data_array[index]->value = GFModuleStrDup(value);
+
+    ++index;
+  }
+
+  return meta_data_array;
+}
+
+// -------------------------------------------------------------- arrays, lists
+
+inline auto CharArrayToQStringList(char** pl_components, int size)
+    -> QStringList {
+  QStringList list;
+  for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    list.append(UDUP(pl_components[i]));
+  }
+  GFFreeMemory(static_cast<void*>(pl_components));
+  return list;
+}
+
+inline auto QStringListToCharArray(const QStringList& list) -> char** {
+  char** char_array =
+      static_cast<char**>(GFAllocateMemory(list.size() * sizeof(char*)));
+
+  int index = 0;
+  for (const QString& item : list) {
+    QByteArray value = item.toUtf8();
+    char_array[index] = static_cast<char*>(GFAllocateMemory(value.size() + 1));
+    std::strcpy(char_array[index], value.constData());
+    index++;
+  }
+
+  return char_array;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+inline auto ArrayToQList(T** pl_components, int size) -> QList<T> {
+  if (pl_components == nullptr || size <= 0) {
+    return QList<T>();
+  }
+
+  QList<T> list;
+  for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    list.append(*pl_components[i]);
+    GFFreeMemory(pl_components[i]);
+  }
+  GFFreeMemory(pl_components);
+  return list;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+inline auto QListToArray(const QList<T>& list) -> T** {
+  T** array = static_cast<T**>(GFAllocateMemory(list.size() * sizeof(T*)));
+  int index = 0;
+  for (const T& item : list) {
+    auto mem = static_cast<T*>(GFAllocateMemory(sizeof(T)));
+    array[index] = new (mem) T(item);
+    index++;
+  }
+
+  return array;
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------- QVariant
+
+inline auto ConvertQVariantToVoidPtr(const QVariant& variant) -> void* {
+  void* mem = GFAllocateMemory(sizeof(QVariant));
+  auto* variant_ptr = new (mem) QVariant(variant);
+  return static_cast<void*>(variant_ptr);
+}
+
+inline auto ConvertVoidPtrToQVariant(void* ptr) -> QVariant {
+  if (ptr == nullptr) return {};
+
+  auto* variant_ptr = static_cast<QVariant*>(ptr);
+  QVariant variant = *variant_ptr;
+
+  GFFreeMemory(variant_ptr);
+  return variant;
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------- gui objects
+
+template <typename T>
+auto GFUIGetGUIObjectAs(const QString& handle) -> T* {
+  auto* obj =
+      static_cast<QObject*>(GFUIGetGUIObject(handle.toUtf8().constData()));
+  if (!obj) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return qobject_cast<T*>(obj);
+}
+
+#define Q_VARIANT_Q_OBJECT_FACTORY_DECLARE(name) \
+  auto name(void* data_raw_ptr)->void*;
+
+#define Q_VARIANT_Q_OBJECT_FACTORY_DEFINE(name, func)   \
+  auto name(void* data_raw_ptr)->void* {                \
+    auto data = ConvertVoidPtrToQVariant(data_raw_ptr); \
+    return func(data);                                  \
+  }
+
+#define GUI_OBJECT(factory, data) \
+  GFUICreateGUIObject(factory, ConvertQVariantToVoidPtr(data))