import sys
import hashlib
import os

PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2

_identity = lambda x: x

if PY2:
    import cPickle as pickle
    from cStringIO import StringIO
    import copy_reg as copyreg
    from urllib import unquote
    BytesIO = StringIO
    reduce = reduce
    hashlib_md5 = hashlib.md5
    iterkeys = lambda d: d.iterkeys()
    itervalues = lambda d: d.itervalues()
    iteritems = lambda d: d.iteritems()
    integer_types = (int, long)
    string_types = (str, unicode)
    text_type = unicode
    basestring = basestring
    long = long
    xrange = xrange

    def implements_iterator(cls):
        cls.next = cls.__next__
        del cls.__next__
        return cls

    def implements_bool(cls):
        cls.__nonzero__ = cls.__bool__
        del cls.__bool__
        return cls

    def to_bytes(obj, charset='utf-8', errors='strict'):
        if obj is None:
            return None
        if isinstance(obj, (bytes, bytearray, buffer)):
            return bytes(obj)
        if isinstance(obj, unicode):
            return obj.encode(charset, errors)
        raise TypeError('Expected bytes')

    def to_native(obj, charset='utf8', errors='strict'):
        if obj is None or isinstance(obj, str):
            return obj
        return obj.encode(charset, errors)
else:
    import pickle
    from io import StringIO, BytesIO
    import copyreg
    from functools import reduce
    from urllib.parse import unquote
    hashlib_md5 = lambda s: hashlib.md5(bytes(s, 'utf8'))
    iterkeys = lambda d: iter(d.keys())
    itervalues = lambda d: iter(d.values())
    iteritems = lambda d: iter(d.items())
    integer_types = (int,)
    string_types = (str,)
    text_type = str
    basestring = str
    long = int
    xrange = range

    implements_iterator = _identity
    implements_bool = _identity

    def to_bytes(obj, charset='utf-8', errors='strict'):
        if obj is None:
            return None
        if isinstance(obj, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):
            return bytes(obj)
        if isinstance(obj, str):
            return obj.encode(charset, errors)
        raise TypeError('Expected bytes')

    def to_native(obj, charset='utf8', errors='strict'):
        if obj is None or isinstance(obj, str):
            return obj
        return obj.decode(charset, errors)


def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy
    # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
    # the actual metaclass.
    class metaclass(meta):
        __call__ = type.__call__
        __init__ = type.__init__

        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
            if this_bases is None:
                return type.__new__(cls, name, (), d)
            return meta(name, bases, d)
    return metaclass('temporary_class', None, {})


def to_unicode(obj, charset='utf-8', errors='strict'):
    if obj is None:
        return None
    if not isinstance(obj, bytes):
        return text_type(obj)
    return obj.decode(charset, errors)


# shortcuts
pjoin = os.path.join
exists = os.path.exists